Analogy For Transcription And Translation

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a Dna template where the code in the Deoxyribonucleic acid is converted into a complementary RNA code. Translation is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an amino acid sequence in a protein.

Comparing chart

Transcription versus Translation comparing chart
	Transcription	Translation
Purpose	The purpose of transcription is to make RNA copies of private genes that the prison cell can utilize in the biochemistry.	The purpose of translation is to synthesize proteins, which are used for millions of cellular functions.
Definition	Uses the genes as templates to produce several functional forms of RNA	Translation is the synthesis of a poly peptide from an mRNA template. This is the second pace of gene expression. Uses rRNA as assembly plant; and tRNA as the translator to produce a protein.
Products	mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and non-coding RNA( similar microRNA)	Proteins
Product processing	A 5' cap is added, a 3' poly A tail is added and introns are spliced out.	A number of postal service-translational modifications occur including phosphorylation, SUMOylation, disulfide bridges and farnesylation.
Location	Nucleus	Cytoplasm
Initiation	Occurs when RNA polymerase protein binds to the promoter in DNA and forms a transcription initiation complex. Promoter directs the exact location for the initiation of transcription.	Occurs when ribosome subunits, initiation factors and t-RNA bind the mRNA near the AUG kickoff codon.
Termination	RNA transcript is released and polymerase detaches from DNA. Dna rewinds itself into a double-helix and is unaltered throughout this procedure.	When the ribosome encounters i of the three stop codons it disassembles the ribosome and releases the polypeptide.
Elongation	RNA polymerase elongates in the 5' --> 3' direction	The incoming aminoacyl t-RNA binds to the codon at A-site and a peptide bond is formed betwixt new amino acid and growing concatenation. Peptide and so moves one codon position to get ready for the next amino acrid. It then proceeds in a five' to 3' direction.
Antibiotics	Transcription is inhibited by rifampicin and 8-Hydroxyquinoline.	Translation is inhibited by anisomycin, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin, streptomycin, erythromycin and puromycin.
Localization	Plant in prokaryotes' cytoplasm and in a eukaryote's nucleus	Constitute in prokaryotes' cytoplasm and in eukaryotes' ribosomes on endoplasmic reticulum

Localization

Deoxyribonucleic acid helix structure

In prokaryotes both transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm due to the absenteeism of nucleus. In eukaryote transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation occurs in ribosomes present on the crude endoplasmic membrane in the cytoplasm.

Factors

Transcription is performed by RNA polymerase and other associated proteins termed every bit transcription factors. It tin can exist inducible as seen in the spatio-temporal regulation of developmental genes or consitutive as seen in example of house keeping genes like Gapdh.

Translation is performed by a multi-subunit structure chosen ribosome which consists of rRNA and proteins.

Initiation

Transcription initiates with RNA polymerase bounden to the promoter region in the DNA. The transcription factors and RNA polymerase bounden to the promoter forms a transcription initiation circuitous. The promoter consists of a cadre region similar the TATA box where the complex binds. It is in this stage that RNA polymerase unwinds the Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Translation initiates with the formation of initiation circuitous. The ribosome subunit, three initiation factors (IF1, IF2 and IF3) and methionine carrying t-RNA demark the mRNA almost the AUG start codon.

Elongation

During transcription, the RNA polymerase after the initial bootless attempts traverses the template strand of Deoxyribonucleic acid in 3' to 5' direction, producing a complementary RNA strand in 5' to 3' direction. As the RNA polymerase advances the Dna strand that has been transcribed rewinds to form a double helix.

The process of transcription

During translation the incoming aminoacyl t-RNA binds to the codon (sequences of 3 nucleotides) at A-site and a peptide bond is formed between the new amino acid and the growing chain. The peptide and so moves ane codon position to go fix for the next amino acrid. The process hence proceeds in a 5' to 3' direction.

Termination

Transcription termination in prokaryotes can either be Rho-independent, where a GC rich hairpin loop is formed or Rho-dependent, where a poly peptide factor Rho destabilizes the DNA-RNA interaction. In eukaryotes when a termination sequence is encountered the RNA nascent transcript is released and it is poly-adenylated.

In translation when the ribosome encounters one of the three end codons it disassembles the ribosome and releases the polypeptide.

Finish Production

The cease product of transcription is an RNA transcript which tin can grade any of the following types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and not-coding RNA (similar microRNA). Usually in prokaryotes the mRNA formed is polycistronic and in eukaryotes information technology is monocistronic.

The finish product of translation is a polypeptide concatenation which folds and undergoes mail service translational modifications to form a functional protein.

The process of translation or poly peptide synthesis.

Post Procedure Modification

During post transcriptional modification in eukaryotes, a 5' cap, a 3' poly tail is added and introns are spliced out. In prokaryotes this process is absent-minded.

A number of post-translational modifications occur including phosphorylation, SUMOylation, disulfide bridges formation, farnesylation etc.

Antibiotics

Transcription is inhibited by rifampicin (antibacterial) and viii-Hydroxyquinoline (antifungal).

Translation is inhibited by anisomycin, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin, streptomycin, erythromycin and puromycin.

Methods to measure and detect

For Transcription, RT-PCR, Deoxyribonucleic acid microarray, In-situ hybridization, Northern blot, RNA-Seq is quite often used for measurement and detection. For Translation, western blotting, immunoblotting, enzyme assay, Protein sequencing, Metabolic labeling, proteomics is used for measurement and detection.

Crick's fundamental dogma: DNA ---> Transcription ---> RNA ---> Translation ---> Protein

Genetic code used during translation:

References

wikipedia:Transcription (genetics)
wikipedia:Translation (biology)
Internet-Based Tools for Education Transcription and Translation - National Human Genome Research Constitute
Translation: Deoxyribonucleic acid to mRNA to Protein - Nature

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